Stephen Albert
Lettuce grows best in the cool weather of spring and fall.
Time lettuce seed sowing so plants come to harvest before very warm and hot weather, Hot weather will trigger bolting and seed-stalk formation. Bolting can be slowed by picking the oldest leaves first but it can’t be stopped. Lettuce that bolts will be bitter-flavored, so it is best to harvest lettuce before the weather gets too warm.
Lettuce can be grown in any home garden and in containers. It is a cool-weather crop and usually does not grow well in the heat of summer. Planting lettuce in the wrong season is the cause of most failures.
In warm-winter regions grow lettuce in late fall, winter, and spring. In cold winter regions, grow lettuce in spring and autumn. If you want to grow lettuce in summer, plant heat and bolt-resistant varieties.
Sow lettuce seeds directly in the garden 4 to 6 weeks before to 3 weeks after the last frost in spring. Start transplants indoors 4 to 6 weeks before setting out. Set out transplants from 2 weeks before to 3 weeks after the last frost. Start a fall crop about 80 days before the first expected autumn frost.
Make succession plantings of lettuce every 2 to 3 weeks. Use heat and bolt-resistant varieties for summer plantings.
Lettuce grows best in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Lettuce is a heavy feeder and benefits from moderate amounts of nitrogen and potassium. It is important to keep the soil evenly moist throughout the growing season. Lettuce grows best in full sun but can tolerate partial shade.
Leaf lettuce matures in 45 to 55 days, but outer leaves can be cut at any time. Loosehead, head, and romaine lettuce should be harvested when the heads are firm and full-sized. Loosehead matures in 60 to 75 days, head in 70 to 100 days, and romaine in 75 to 85 days.
There are many types of lettuce to choose from: butterhead or Bibb is loose textured with a loose head; looseleaf has a loose, rosette of leaves; romaine or Cos has an elongated, erect head; crisphead or iceberg has a solid, tightly folded head.
Lettuce matures in 40 to 80 days depending on the type planted: looseleaf in 40 days, butterhead in 40 to 70 days, and romaine and iceberg in 80 days.
Lettuce planting details
- Sowing depth: 1/4 inch (.6cm)
- Space between plants after thinning: 6 inches (15cm)
- Days to sprout: 7
- Days to harvest: 40+
- Storage period: 2-3 weeks
- Seeds per 100-row feet: 1/4 ounce (7 grams)
- Yield per 100-row feet: 100 heads
- Suggested varieties: Bibb, Buttercrunch, Butter King, Black-seeded Simpson, Great Lakes, Little Gem
Lettuce sowing and planting tips
- Lettuce is grown from seeds or transplants.
- Seed is viable for 5 years.
- Start lettuce indoors 4 weeks before transplanting; sow or transplant lettuce into the garden as soon as the soil can be worked.
- Seed germinates in 2 to 10 days at or near 70°F (21°C)—but sometimes seed can take up to 2 weeks to germinate if the soil is cold.
- Keep the soil evenly moist until seeds germinate then keep the soil moist until seedlings are well established.
- Sow seed ¼ to ½ inch (6-13mm) deep.
- Sow seeds 4 inches (10cm) apart; later thin seedlings according to type: leaf, 6-9 inches (15-23 cm) apart; head, 10-12 inches (25-30 cm) apart. Make sure there is good air circulation around maturing plants to avoid disease.
- For intensive planting, space plants 10 inches (25 cm) apart in a staggered pattern.
- Lettuce grows best in full sun but can tolerate light shade.
- The optimal growing air temperature for lettuce is 40°-75°F (4-24°C).
- Lettuce prefers a soil pH between 6.0 and 6.8.
- Add aged compost to planting beds in advance of sowing; compost will feed the soil and aide moisture retention.
- Avoid planting lettuce where radicchio, endive, escarole, or artichokes have recently grown.
- Make successive sowings every few weeks for an extended harvest.
- Fertilize with an organic fertilizer such as fish emulsion at half strength.
- Aphids, flea beetle, cutworms, earwigs, leaf miners, snails, and slugs can attack lettuce.
Interplanting: Interplant lettuce with beets, carrots, cucumbers, onions, radishes, and strawberries.
Container Growing: A single head of lettuce does well in a 6-inch (15 cm) pot; in larger containers plant on 10 inches (25 cm) centers.
Lettuce planting calendar
Planting for spring harvest:
- 8-10 weeks before the last frost in spring: direct-sow in a plastic tunnel or cold frame.
- 4-6 weeks before the last frost in spring: direct sow in the garden
- Every 3 weeks sow succession crops for continuous harvest; hot weather will cause bolting.
Planting for fall harvest:
- 6-8 weeks before the first frost in fall: direct-sow or transplant seedlings into the garden.
- 4-6 weeks before the first frost in fall: sow or transplant in a plastic tunnel or cold frame for fall and winter harvest.
Lettuce seed sowing dates
(These dates are for the Northern Hemisphere)
| Average date of the last frost | Planting dates |
| Jan. 30 | Jan. 1-Feb. 1 |
| Feb. 8 | Jan. 1-Feb. 1 |
| Feb. 18 | Jan. 1-Mar. 15 |
| Feb. 28 | Jan. 1-Mar. 15 |
| Mar. 10 | Jan. 15-Apr. 1 |
| Mar. 20 | Feb. 1-Apr. 1 |
| Mar. 30 | Feb. 15-Apr. 15 |
| Apr. 10 | Mar. 15-May 15 |
| Apr. 20 | Mar. 20-May 15 |
| Apr. 30 | Apr. 1-June 1 |
| May 10 | Apr. 15-June 15 |
| May 20 | May 1-June 30 |
| May 30 | May 10-June 30 |
| June 10 | May 20-June 30 |
Lettuce recommended varieties
- Butterhead type: ‘Bibb’, ‘Buttercrunch’, ‘Migonette’, ‘Boston’, ‘Four Seasons’, ‘Tom Thumb’.
- Leaf types: ‘Black-Seeded Simpson’. ‘Lolla Rossa’, ‘Black Oak’, ‘Red Sails’, ‘Salad Bowl’, ‘Ruby’.
- Romaine type: ‘Little Gem’, ‘Parris Island’, ‘Rogue d’Hiver’.
- Iceberg type: ‘Great Lakes’, ‘Nevada’, ‘Sierra.’
Botanical Name: Latuca sativa
Lettuce belongs to the Compositae (Asteraceae) or sunflower family.
Lettuce articles at Harvest to Table:
How to Harvest and Serve Yummy Lettuce
Lettuce Growing Problems: Troubleshooting
Garden Planning Books at Amazon:
- Vegetable Garden Almanac & Planner
- Kitchen Garden Grower’s Guide Vegetable Encyclopedia
- Tomato Grower’s Answer Book
- Vegetable Garden Grower’s Guide
